What are food allergies?
Food allergies occur when the immune system produces allergic antibodies that react to specific foods, triggering symptoms that range from mild discomfort to severe, life-threatening reactions.
The most common food allergies involve peanuts, tree nuts, cow’s milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish. While food allergies are more common in children, they can affect people of all ages. Some allergies, like those to milk, eggs, soy, and wheat, may be outgrown, but allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, and shellfish often persist into adulthood.
What causes food allergies?
Food allergies develop when the immune system mistakenly identifies certain food proteins as harmful. This leads to the production of antibodies and an allergic reaction when the food is consumed. Genetics, environmental factors, and early exposure to allergens may contribute to the development of food allergies. Importantly, allergies can develop at any stage of life.
What are the symptoms of food allergies?
Symptoms of food allergies typically appear within minutes to a few hours after eating the triggering food. They can include:
- Hives
- Swelling of the lips or tonque
- Itching
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Coughing
- Wheezing
- Trouble breathing
- Dangerous drop in blood pressure
Severe allergic reactions, known as anaphylaxis, require immediate emergency treatment.
How are food allergies diagnosed?
Diagnosis begins with a thorough medical history focused on symptoms and foods consumed before the reaction. Skin prick tests and blood tests measuring allergen-specific IgE antibodies help identify the allergens responsible. Testing should be targeted based on the history rather than used as a broad screening method unless the trigger is unclear.
What are the treatment options for food allergies?
The primary treatment for food allergies is strict avoidance of the allergenic food. Always read food labels carefully and be aware of possible cross-contamination. People with food allergies should have an emergency action plan and carry epinephrine auto-injectors for immediate treatment in case of accidental exposure. If symptoms of a severe reaction appear, such as difficulty breathing or swelling of the face or throat, seek emergency medical care immediately.
Food allergies can be effectively managed with the right knowledge and support. Schedule an appointment with The Iowa Clinic's Allergy team today by calling 515.875.9260 or schedule online.