What are hammertoes?
Hammertoes are a common foot issue that causes your toe joints to point up instead of lying flat. They usually develop in the second joint of your lesser toes (not your big toe). A mild hammertoe may not affect your ability to walk or use your foot, but left untreated, can get bad enough to freeze your toe in its curled shape.
There are three types of hammertoes, which are based on their severity:
- Flexible hammertoes - You can still bend and move your affected toes, but a noticeable curl is starting to form.
- Semi-rigid hammertoes - Your affected toes are noticeably stiff or hard to uncurl
- Rigid hammertoes - Your affected toes are frozen in the curled position. Rigid hammertoes are more likely to require surgery.
What causes hammertoes?
A hammertoe is typically caused by wearing ill-fitting shoes, injuries to your foot or toes, a muscle imbalance, or certain medical conditions such as diabetes or arthritis. Women are more likely to develop hammertoes than men.
What are symptoms of hammertoes?
Patients with hammertoes will typically notice one or more of their toes looking more curled than usual, especially compared to your other toes.
Other hammertoe symptoms can include:
- Pain (usually at the top of your affected toes or the ball of your foot)
- Trouble moving your affected toes
- Corns and calluses forming on top of your affected toes
- Swelling
- Skin discoloration
How are hammertoes diagnosed?
Similar to other common foot conditions, a physician can diagnose a hammertoe spur through physical examination, understanding your medical history and the symptoms you’re experiencing, and/or imaging. They can also perform range of motion testing that will help them assess the flexibility and mobility of your toes.
In some cases, imaging is used to diagnose a hammertoe. X-rays, which can reveal any inconsistencies or abnormalities within the bones of your foot, may be used to see if any underlying foot issues are contributing to the hammertoe.
What are treatment options for hammertoes?
Prevention is as important – if not more important – than treatment options. Properly fitting footwear can limit the chances for hammertoes to develop. You should see a doctor if your hammertoe gives you continual pain and your ability to walk normally or wear properly fitting shoes is impacted.
Once diagnosed with a hammertoe(s), your doctor may prescribe orthotics and insoles and exercises to strengthen your toe muscles. In some rare cases, surgery may be recommended to correct the issue.
Last Medically Reviewed on April 29, 2026.